History of Freemasonry
From medieval stonemasons to a worldwide brotherhood spanning over 300 years
Origins of the Craft
Freemasonry, often called "the Craft," traces its origins to the medieval stonemasons who built Europe's great cathedrals. These skilled craftsmen formed guilds to protect trade secrets, ensure quality work, and support fellow masons and their families.
As cathedral construction declined in the 16th and 17th centuries, these operative lodges began accepting non-stonemasons—gentlemen, scholars, and professionals—as "speculative" or "accepted" Masons. These new members were drawn to the fraternity's moral teachings, symbolism, and fellowship.
By 1717, four London lodges united to form the first Grand Lodge, transforming Freemasonry from a trade guild into a philosophical and charitable organization. This marks the beginning of modern "speculative" Freemasonry.
Masonic Timeline
Regius Manuscript
The oldest known Masonic document, written in Middle English verse, outlines regulations for stonemasons.
Lodge of Edinburgh
The oldest documented Masonic lodge still in existence. Minutes from this period show non-operative (non-stonemason) members joining.
Grand Lodge of England
Four London lodges unite to form the first Grand Lodge, marking the birth of organized Freemasonry.
Anderson's Constitutions
James Anderson publishes the first Book of Constitutions, codifying Masonic principles and history.
Spread to America
Freemasonry reaches the American colonies. Benjamin Franklin becomes Grand Master of Pennsylvania in 1734.
Antients Grand Lodge
A rival Grand Lodge forms in London, calling themselves "Antients" and the original "Moderns."
American Revolution
Many Founding Fathers, including Washington and Franklin, are Freemasons. Masonic ideals influence the new nation.
United Grand Lodge of England
The Antients and Moderns unite to form the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE).
Morgan Affair
William Morgan's disappearance sparks anti-Masonic sentiment in America, temporarily reducing membership.
Prince Hall Recognition Begins
Gradual recognition of Prince Hall Freemasonry, the historically African American tradition founded in 1784.
Global Expansion
Freemasonry spreads worldwide. At its peak, millions of men are members across every continent.
Modern Freemasonry
Over 2 million Freemasons worldwide continue the traditions of brotherhood, charity, and moral improvement.
Key Historical Concepts
Operative vs. Speculative
Operative Masons were actual stonemasons who built structures. Speculative Masons are those who use the tools and symbols of stonemasonry as metaphors for moral and philosophical teachings. Modern Freemasonry is speculative.
Landmarks & Traditions
Masonic Landmarks are the ancient, unchangeable principles of the Craft. While there's debate about their exact number, they include belief in a Supreme Being, the legend of the Third Degree, and the secrecy of modes of recognition.
Grand Lodge System
Each state or country has its own Grand Lodge, which governs the lodges in its jurisdiction. There is no worldwide Masonic authority—each Grand Lodge is sovereign and independent, though they maintain fraternal relations.
Freemasonry's Historical Influence
The Enlightenment
Masonic lodges provided spaces where men of different classes and religions could meet as equals, discuss ideas, and practice tolerance—radical concepts in 18th-century Europe. Many Enlightenment thinkers, including Voltaire and Mozart, were Freemasons.
American Revolution
At least nine signers of the Declaration of Independence and thirteen signers of the Constitution were Freemasons. Masonic ideals of liberty, equality, and self-governance influenced the founding documents of the United States.
Charitable Works
Throughout history, Freemasons have established hospitals, schools, and charitable organizations. Today, North American Masons donate approximately $2 million daily to charitable causes, including Shriners Hospitals for Children.